Classical Liberalism
LiberalConstitutional limits on state power, open markets, and rights that no majority may remove.
Each entry below carries a twelve-value vector, published here so you can check the comparison rather than take it on trust. Bars run left pole to right pole in this order: power, democracy, economy, welfare, sovereignty, force, culture, religion, ecology, technology, structure, rights.
Constitutional limits on state power, open markets, and rights that no majority may remove.
A market economy tempered by strong public services and firm protection for minorities.
Capitalism kept but steered: universal welfare, strong unions and international cooperation.
Social ownership of the commanding heights, pursued through elections rather than revolution.
The existing order cannot be reformed from within and has to be replaced outright.
Ecological limits and social ownership treated as a single problem.
Abolition of state and market alike, with production held in common.
Cooperative exchange and free credit, without landlords, employers or a central state.
Workers' unions rather than parties or parliaments as the engine of social change.
Every service, including law and defence, provided through voluntary exchange.
A state reduced to courts, police and defence, and to nothing else.
Inherited institutions, natural hierarchy and gradual change in place of rational redesign.
Social obligation and national unity used to soften the edge of the market.
National culture and sovereignty first, with markets serving the nation rather than the reverse.
A market economy organised around family, congregation and subsidiarity.
Property spread as widely as possible, so that many own rather than a few.
Society organised into vocational bodies that bargain under state supervision.
Open economies, international law and collective security as the basis of order.
States pursue their interests; institutions and ideals are instruments, not restraints.
Trade where it pays, entanglements never: other people's quarrels are not ours.
Government by demonstrated competence, with policy insulated from electoral mood.
Reform aimed at dismantling inherited hierarchy and widening the circle of rights.
Popular sovereignty and civic virtue set against monarchy, privilege and clerical power.
The modern settlement should be reversed rather than merely moderated.
An inherited head of state above faction, with power exercised by elected ministers.
Power divided between nested communities, each sovereign in its own sphere.
The land, the family holding and the small community as the moral centre of the nation.
Tax the value of land, and leave the rest of production alone.
Stewardship of the land as a duty owed to those who come after.
Technology should be pushed forward faster than politics can object.
Capability should wait for consent, testing and control.
These are modelled constitutional and civic traditions, not measurements of how a country votes and not statements about its people.
Confederal government, direct democracy and armed neutrality.
A resource economy with deep welfare floors and firm constitutional review.
Flexible labour markets paired with generous universal provision.
High-tax universalism, export industry and a long tradition of open government.
Consensus politics, comprehensive schooling and total-defence preparedness.
Small-scale direct democracy with an unusually strong egalitarian streak.
Consociational compromise, free trade and a long liberal-constitutional inheritance.
Power devolved along linguistic lines beneath a constitutional monarchy.
Ordoliberal markets, federal structure and a constitution written against catastrophe.
Neutrality, consensual economics and a corporatist bargaining tradition.
A centralised republican state, technocratic elites and a strong tradition of protest.
Liberal economy, religious inheritance and a written constitution with judicial review.
Fragmented but resilient pluralism, family networks and a large welfare state.
Regional autonomy inside a constitutional monarchy.
A recent democracy with a strong social compact and Atlantic instincts.
Sovereignty and religious identity foregrounded after a long imperial history.
National conservatism with centralised government and a guarded view of outside institutions.
Ancient civic inheritance, Orthodox identity and a turbulent party tradition.
Digital-first administration, flat taxes and a flatly defensive posture toward its neighbour.
Federalism, immigration as nation-building and a charter of entrenched rights.
Market primacy, entrenched constitutional rights and a federal structure with global reach.
A centralising presidential tradition alongside strong regional and religious life.
Continental federalism with heavy state involvement and a powerful legislature.
A large state, a strong labour tradition and recurring conflict over economic direction.
Market reform now tempered by a constituent process and broader social guarantees.
Secularism, state ownership of key sectors and a long record of stable pluralism.
Compulsory voting, resource exports and a settler-democracy inheritance.
Small-state pragmatism, treaty politics and one of the earliest universal franchises.
Drawn from antiquity to the mid-twentieth century. Each vector is a reading of recorded positions, not an endorsement, and nobody currently in office appears here.
Athenian statesman who widened popular participation while holding an empire together.
Rule by those who know, and open suspicion of the judgement of crowds.
Constitutional balance, natural hierarchy and virtue as the aim of political life.
Republican order, a mixed constitution and duty owed to the commonwealth.
Imperial power exercised, however imperfectly, under Stoic self-restraint.
Republican virtue for citizens and unsparing realism for princes.
A Christian humanist commonwealth built on conscience before royal convenience.
The first systematic defence of undivided sovereign authority.
Order purchased by an absolute sovereign, without whom life is solitary and short.
Natural rights, government by consent and a right of resistance.
Separation of powers and moderation as the proper aim of constitutional design.
Free expression, secular authority and contempt for established superstition.
The general will as the only legitimate sovereign, unmediated by faction.
Markets understood as a system of cooperation, with moral sentiment beneath the calculus.
Reform in order to preserve: a contract between the dead, the living and the unborn.
Rights of man, republican government and an unsparing case against inherited rule.
A strong federal state, a national bank and deliberate industrial ambition.
Agrarian liberty, strict limits on central power and grandiloquent declarations of rights.
Faction balanced against faction, with rights entrenched above passing majorities.
Reason and education as the basis of equal civil standing.
Equality and liberty held together by local association rather than central power.
Legislation measured by measurable welfare rather than inherited doctrine.
Individual experiment, free discussion and the harm principle.
Free trade pursued as the practical route to peace between nations.
One-nation conservatism: social obligation and the defence of inherited institutions.
Liberal reform driven by moral conviction rather than administrative convenience.
Balance of power and the suppression of revolution erected into a system of government.
Blood and iron abroad, pioneering welfare legislation at home.
Union preserved and slavery abolished, through the broadest reading of emergency power.
The nation as the instrument of a moral and republican awakening.
Class conflict as the motive force of history, and the state as an instrument of it.
Property as theft when it collects rent; order built from free association.
Root-and-branch opposition to state authority in every form it takes.
Mutual aid as a natural fact, and communism as its political conclusion.
Socialism through steady reform, and a frank break with revolutionary inevitability.
Mass action and revolutionary democracy against both capital and bureaucracy.
Anarchism as the right to live without masters of any kind.
Industrial unionism and socialism advanced through the ballot box.
Self-determination at home and collective security abroad.
Progressive reform, national conservation and a great power's confidence.
The state as employer and insurer of last resort in a national emergency.
The case for standing firm, and for the constitutional order that made it possible.
National grandeur, executive authority and independence from every bloc.
A quiet radical: public ownership, universal health care and imperial withdrawal.
Western integration, federalism and a market economy with social obligations.
Distributism, local loyalty and a cheerful suspicion of large institutions.
Revolutionary virtue that tolerated no dissent and feared no terror.
Enlightened administration delivered by disciplined autocracy.
Providential rule that replaced a crown with a sword.
Rights and education pursued in a global rather than a merely national frame.
Social work, suffrage and pacifism treated as one continuous project.
Managed capitalism: the state as stabiliser rather than owner.
Dispersed knowledge, spontaneous order and the road that leads from planning to serfdom.
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